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| Munich is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. It is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg. It is regarded as the spiritual home of the Roman Cult in Germany. | |||||||||||||||||
Munich and Zurich as Taxing stations |
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| Munich shares a similar history to Zurich in originally being a Salt store and taxing station. A thousand years ago Salt was considered as valuable as gold and for many cultures represented a defacto currency. | |||||||||||||||||
| From the early 12th Century, under the reforms of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), the Cistercian monks were given the authority as tax collectors and administrators for the legitimate Catholic Church. Monastaries were deliberately built around ancient Roman salt and tax stations to protect the valuable salt and the monks. | |||||||||||||||||
| Later, the identity of the Cistercians being the first monks of München was deliberately confused to imply "Benedictines" --including making a Jesuit in habit (an extremely rare symbol) the official seal of the city. | |||||||||||||||||
| Munich quickly grew in wealth and population and by 1175 was officially granted city status after the city has funded its own fortifications. | |||||||||||||||||
| The favours bestowed to Munich (and Zurich) under the Roman Cult | |||||||||||||||||
| In 1180, following the demise of Henry the Lion, the Wittelsbach clan became the Dukes of Bavaria --the first being Otto I. The Wittelsbach dynasty would rule Bavaria until 1918. | |||||||||||||||||
| In 1240 Munich itself was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria. | |||||||||||||||||
| In order to maintain and grow their power the Wittelsbach betrayed their own people in pledging their loyalty to the AntiPopes of the Roman Cult against the legitimate popes at Avignon. In 1328, Louis Wittelsbach travelled to Rome and secured the appointment of AntiPope John XXII (Pietro Rainalducci) 1328-1352 in exchange for Pietro appointing Louis the Holy Roman Emperor. | |||||||||||||||||
| Legitimate Pope Nicholas V (1314-1334) immediately excommunicated the whole Wittelsbach dynasty --an official act that has never been retracted from the legitimate leaders of the Catholic Church. Yet the damage was already done. | |||||||||||||||||
| One of the first official acts of the AntiEmperor Louis was to grant Munich an exclusive monopoly on salt for the whole region. Munich suddenly exploded in wealth thanks to the heretic Wittelsbach pretenders. | |||||||||||||||||
| By the start of the 16th Century, Munich had become so wealthy with some of the most expensive and elaborate buildings in medieval Europe, it became the capital of the whole of Bavaria by 1506. | |||||||||||||||||
| Munich- the headquarters of the counter reformation | |||||||||||||||||
| Under Wittelsbach Duke Wilhelm V, Munich was chosed as the headquarters for the Jesuits and the counter reformation campaign to destroy the revival of the Catholic Church away from the Roman Cult, with the Jesuits given a beautiful new church called Michaelskirche. | |||||||||||||||||
| Munich also became the centre of political movements aimed at counter reformation such as the Catholic League which was founded in the city in 1609. | |||||||||||||||||
| In 1623 during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria was invested with the electoral dignity but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. | |||||||||||||||||
| However, the city suffered a number of set backs in the 17th and 18th centuries firstly when the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. It also suffered damage and a stripping of its wealth under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742. | |||||||||||||||||
| In 1806, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria, with the state's parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising being located in the city. Twenty years later Landshut University was moved to Munich. | |||||||||||||||||
| Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. | |||||||||||||||||
| World War I | |||||||||||||||||
| Munich suffered relatively little damage from World War I, contrary to misinformation of starvation and blockades. However in 1917, the Jesuits decided to end the reign of the loyal Wittelsbach dynasty. | |||||||||||||||||
| Within weeks of the end of World War I, the Jesuits used returned soldiers as the fuel to grow a revolution against the monarchy. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, Wittelsbach Ludwig III and his family fled the city. | |||||||||||||||||
| After the murder of the first republican premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco-Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. | |||||||||||||||||
| Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May 1919 by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of right-wing politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the National Socialism rose to prominence. | |||||||||||||||||
| Hitler and Munich | |||||||||||||||||
| In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who at that time were concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. | |||||||||||||||||
| The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich. | |||||||||||||||||
| The city would once again become a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first concentration camp at Dachau, 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. | |||||||||||||||||
| Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement"). | |||||||||||||||||
| The NSDAP headquarters were in Munich and many Führerbauten ("Führer-buildings") were built around the Königsplatz, some of which have survived to this day. | |||||||||||||||||
| The city was very heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II - the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of six years. | |||||||||||||||||
| The Jewel of the Roman Cult Rebuilt | |||||||||||||||||
| After American occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and - by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities - rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. | |||||||||||||||||
| Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics, during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. |
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